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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations may include certain forward-looking statements, within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including (without limitation) statements with respect to anticipated future operating and financial performance, growth and acquisition opportunities and other similar forecasts and statements of expectation. Words such as "expects," "anticipates," "intends," "plans," "believes," "seeks," "estimates," "anticipate," "continue," "may," "will," and "should" and variations of these words and similar expressions, are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements made by the Company and its management are based on estimates, projections, beliefs and assumptions of management at the time of such statements and are not guarantees of future performance.
The Company disclaims any obligations to update or revise any forward-looking statement based on the occurrence of future events, the receipt of new information or otherwise. Actual future performance, outcomes and results may differ materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements made by the Company and its management as a result of a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Representative examples of these factors include (without limitation) general industry and economic conditions; cost of capital and capital requirements; competition from other managed care companies; the ability to expand certain areas of the Company's business; shifts in customer demands; the ability of the Company to produce market-competitive software; changes in operating expenses including employee wages, benefits and medical inflation; governmental and public policy changes, including but not limited to legislative and administrative law and rule implementation or change; dependence on key personnel; possible litigation and legal liability in the course of operations; and the continued availability of financing in the amounts and at the terms necessary to support the Company's future business.
Overview
CorVel Corporation is an independent nationwide provider of medical cost containment and managed care services designed to address the escalating medical costs of workers' compensation and auto policies. The Company's services are provided to insurance companies, third-party administrators ("TPAs"), and self-administered employers to assist them in managing the medical costs and monitoring the quality of care associated with healthcare claims.
Network Solutions Services
The Company's Network Solutions services are designed to reduce the price paid by its customers for medical services rendered in workers' compensation cases, and auto policies and, to a lesser extent, group health policies. The network solutions services offered by the Company include automated medical fee auditing, preferred provider services, retrospective utilization review, independent medical examinations, MRI examinations, and inpatient bill review.
Patient Management Services
In addition to its network solutions services, the Company offers a range of patient management services, which involve working on a one-on-one basis with injured employees and their various healthcare professionals, employers and insurance company adjusters. Patient management services are designed to monitor the medical necessity and appropriateness of healthcare services provided to workers' compensation and other healthcare claimants and to expedite return-to-work. The Company offers these services on a stand-alone basis, or as an integrated component of its medical cost containment services.
Organizational Structure
The Company's management is structured geographically with regional vice-presidents who report to the President of the Company. Each of these regional vice-presidents is responsible for all services provided by the Company in his or her particular region and responsible for the operating results of the Company in multiple states. These regional vice presidents have area and district managers who are also responsible for all services provided by the Company in their given area and district.
Business Enterprise Segments
We operate in one reportable operating segment, managed care. The Company's services are delivered to its customers through its local offices in each region and financial information for the Company's operations follows this service delivery model. All regions provide the Company's patient management and network solutions services. Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS No. 131, "Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information," establishes standards for the way that public business enterprises report information about operating segments in annual consolidated financial statements. The Company's internal financial reporting is segmented geographically, as discussed above, and managed on a geographic rather than service line basis, with virtually all of the Company's operating revenue generated within the United States.
Under SFAS 131, two or more operating segments may be aggregated into a single operating segment for financial reporting purposes if aggregation is consistent with the objective and basic principles of SFAS 131, if the segments have similar economic characteristics, and if the segments are similar in each of the following areas: 1) the nature of products and services; 2) the nature of the production processes; 3) the type or class of customer for their products and services; and 4) the methods used to distribute their products or provide their services. We believe each of the Company's regions meet these criteria as they provide the similar services to similar customers using similar methods of production and similar methods to distribute their services.
Because we believe we meet each of the criteria set forth above and each of our regions have similar economic characteristics, we aggregate our results of operations in one reportable operating segment.
Summary of Fiscal 2006 Annual Results
The Company reported revenues of $267 million for fiscal year ended March 31, 2006, a decrease of $24 million, or 8% compared to $291 million in fiscal year ended March 31, 2005. The Company reported sequential declining quarterly revenues for the first three quarters of fiscal year 2006. Sequential revenue decreases for the first three quarters of fiscal 2006 were 3%, 6%, and 5% from the previous quarter. In the quarter ended March 31, 2006, the Company reported revenues of $66.4 million, an increase in revenue of $3.3 million, or 5.2% over the $63.1 million reported in the previous quarter ended December 31, 2005. The revenue for the quarter ended March 31, 2006 also benefited from two extra business days in the quarter compared to the quarter ended December 31, 2005.
The continued decrease in the number of jobs in the manufacturing sector and its corresponding effect on the number of workplace injuries that have become longer-term disability cases, the considerable price competition given the flat-to-declining overall workers compensation market, the increase in competition from local and regional competition, changes and the potential changes in state workers' compensation and auto managed care laws, which can reduce demand for the Company's services, have created an environment where revenue and margin growth is more difficult to attain and where revenue growth is uncertain. Additionally, the Company's technology and preferred provider network competes against other companies, some of which have more resources available. Also, some customers may handle their managed care services in-house and may reduce the amount of services which are outsourced to managed care companies such as CorVel Corporation.
Results of Operations
The Company derives its revenues from providing patient management and network solutions services to payors of workers' compensation benefits, auto insurance claims and health insurance benefits. Patient management services include utilization review, medical case management and vocational rehabilitation. Network solutions revenues include fee schedule auditing, hospital bill auditing, independent medical examinations, diagnostic imaging review services and preferred provider referral services. The percentages of revenues attributable to patient management and network solutions services for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2004, 2005, and 2006 are listed below.
| |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
| Patient management services........................... |
45.2% |
44.4% |
42.7% |
| Network solutions services........................... |
54.8% |
55.6% |
57.3% |
| |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
Income Statement Percentages
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the percentage of revenues represented by certain items reflected in the Company's consolidated statements of income. The Company's past operating results are not necessarily indicative of future operating results.
| |
Year Ended March 31, |
| |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
| Patient management services........................... |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
| Cost of revenues........................... |
83.2 |
84.6 |
82.9 |
| Gross profit........................... |
16.8 |
15.46 |
17.1 |
| General and administrative........................... |
8.5 |
9.7 |
11.1 |
| Income before income taxes........................... |
8.3 |
5.7 |
6.0 |
| Income tax expense........................... |
3.1 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
| Net income........................... |
5.2% |
3.5% |
3.7% |
Revenue
The Company derives its revenues from providing patient management and network solutions services to payors of workers' compensation benefits, auto insurance claims and health insurance benefits. Patient management services include utilization review, medical case management and vocational rehabilitation. Network solutions revenues include fee schedule auditing, hospital bill auditing, independent medical examinations, diagnostic imaging review services and preferred provider referral services.
Change in Revenue
2006 Compared to 2005
Revenues decreased by 8.2% to $267 million in fiscal 2006, from $291 million in fiscal year 2005, a decrease of $24 million. Nearly two-thirds of this decrease was attributable to the decrease in revenue from the Company's patient management services primarily due to a decrease in the patient management referrals received by the Company. The decrease was primarily the result of a continued softness in the national labor market, especially the manufacturing sector of the economy. The Company has been negatively impacted by a reduction in the overall claims volume due to employers implementing workplace safety programs. Employers have also been more aggressive in seeking early intervention services which the Company and the Company's competitors offer, decreasing the length of a claim and decreasing the need for on-site case management services. The rest of the decrease in revenues was attributable to a decrease in demand for the Company's network solution services, primarily demand for the IME (independent medical examination) and MRI services.
2005 Compared to 2004
Revenues for fiscal year 2005 decreased by 4.7% to $291 million, from $305 million in fiscal year 2004, a decrease of $14 million. Nearly two-thirds of this decrease was attributable to the decrease in revenue from the Company's patient management services primarily due to a decrease in the patient management referrals received by the Company. The decrease was primarily the result of a continued softness in the national labor market, especially the manufacturing sector of the economy. The Company has been negatively impacted by a reduction in the overall claims volume due to employers implementing workplace safety programs. Employers have also been more aggressive in seeking early intervention services which the Company and the Company's competitors offer, decreasing the length of a claim and decreasing the need for on-site case management services. The rest of the decrease in revenues was attributable to a decrease in demand for the Company's network solution services, primarily demand for the IME and MRI services.
Cost of Revenue
The Company's cost of revenues consist of direct expenses, costs directly attributable to the generation of revenue, and field indirect costs which are incurred in the field to support the operations in the field offices which generate the revenue. Direct costs are primarily case manager salaries, bill review analysts, related payroll taxes and fringe benefits, and costs for IME (independent medical examination), prescription drugs, and MRI providers. Most of the Company's revenues are generated in offices which provide both patient management services and network solutions services. The largest of the field indirect costs are manager salaries and bonus, account executive base pay and commissions, administrative and clerical support, field systems personnel, PPO network developers, related payroll taxes and fringe benefits, office rent, and telephone expense. Approximately 40% of the costs incurred in the field are field indirect costs which support both the patient management services and network solutions operations of the Company's field operations.
Change in Cost of Revenue
2006 Compared to 2005
The Company's cost of revenues decreased from $246 million in fiscal 2005 to $221 million in fiscal 2006, a decrease of 10.2% or $25 million. The decrease in cost of revenues is primarily attributable to the decrease in revenues noted above. The Company reduced their field employee headcount as revenue decreased. Approximately one quarter of the decrease is attributable to a decrease in direct labor costs of $6.3 million. The Company has been working to decrease direct labor costs in response to the reduction in demand for the Company's services resulting from the soft national labor market. The Company also experienced lower direct costs for MRI, IME and prescription drug patient management services of $2.7 million, $2.8 million and $1.3 million respectively. The decreases in these costs are directly attributable to related decreases in these respective services.
The largest components of the field indirect costs and changes from fiscal 2005 to fiscal 2006 are: manager salaries, which experienced a decrease of $1.5 million; and clerical salaries, which decreased by $2.5 million. The Company has been working to decrease indirect labor costs in response to the reduction in demand for the Company's services and corresponding decrease in direct labor, but there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in doing so.
2005 Compared to 2004
The Company's cost of revenues decreased from $254 million in fiscal 2004 to $246 million in fiscal 2005, a decrease of 3.3% or $8 million. The decrease in cost of revenues is primarily attributable to the decrease in revenues noted above. The Company reduced their field employee headcount as revenue decreased. Approximately half of the decrease is attributable to a decrease in direct labor costs of $3.4 million. The Company has been working to decrease direct labor costs in response to the reduction in demand for the Company's services resulting from the soft national labor market. The Company also experienced lower direct costs for MRI and prescription drug patient management services of $2.4 million and $1.4 million respectively. The decreases in these costs are directly attributable to related decreases in these respective services.
General and Administrative Costs
During fiscals 2004, 2005 and 2006, approximately 62%, 62%, and 59%, respectively, of general and administrative costs consisted of corporate systems costs, which include the corporate systems support, implementation and training, amortization of software development costs, depreciation of the hardware costs in the Company's national systems, the Company's national wide area network, and other systems related costs. The remaining general and administrative costs consist of national marketing, national sales support, corporate legal, corporate insurance, human resources, accounting, product management, new business development, and other general corporate expenses.
Change in General and Administrative Costs
2006 Compared to 2005
General and administrative expense increased $2 million from $28 million in fiscal 2005 to $30 million in fiscal 2006. General and administrative expense increased as a percentage of revenue by 1.4% from 9.7% of revenue in fiscal 2005 to 11.1% of revenue in fiscal 2006. The increase was primarily related to increased expenditures in auditing and consulting fees attributable to the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Company's accounting and legal costs increased by $1.7 million. This increase was partially offset by a decrease of $0.6 million in the Company's marketing costs. System costs, included in general and administrative costs, fell as a percentage of general and administrative costs even though their expense, in absolute dollars, remained similar to fiscal year 2005.
2005 Compared to 2004
General and administrative expense increased $2 million from $26 million in fiscal 2004 to $28 million in fiscal 2005. General and administrative expense increased as a percentage of revenue, by 1.2%, from 8.5% of revenue in fiscal 2004 to 9.7% of revenue in fiscal 2005. The increase was related to increased expenditures in systems and increases in depreciation and amortization from prior year capital investments in technology. Systems costs included in general and administrative costs increased by $1.7 million, from $15.6 million in fiscal 2004 to $17.3 million in fiscal 2005. This increase was due to the Company's continued increase in investment in technology. The Company is continuing to invest in and advance its scanning and document management capabilities for their customers as well as for internal use. The Company also continued making improvements to its primary data center and its second data center as part of its business continuity planning.
Income Tax Provision
The Company's income tax expense for fiscal 2004, 2005, and 2006 were $9 million, $6 million, and $6 million respectively. The tax expense remained unchanged during fiscal 2006 from 2005 because the income before taxes and effective tax rate were both relatively unchanged. The effective income tax rates for fiscal 2004, 2005, and 2006 were 37%, 38%, and 38% respectively. These rates differed from the statutory federal tax rate of 35.0% primarily due to state income taxes and certain non-deductible expenses.
Restatement of prior year financial statements
During fiscal year 2006, the Company determined that it should restate its financial statements as its accounting policy for leased properties was not in accordance with SFAS No. 13, "Accounting for Leases," as amended, and Financial Accounting Standards Board Technical Bulletin No. 88-1, "Issues Related to Accounting for Leases"; and its then-current method of accounting for rent on an actual basis rather than on a straight-line basis was not in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Technical Bulletin No. 85-3 "Accounting for Operating Leases with Schedule Rent Increases." The Company determined that the impact on net income for fiscal year 2004 and 2005 was immaterial. The Company restated its consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2005 and its consolidated statements of stockholders' equity for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005.
The above-noted correction resulted in increased rent in the years prior to fiscal 2004 and recognition of a deferred rent liability, including related tax effects. These adjustments had no effect on historical or future cash flows or the timing of payments under the related leases.
The following is a summary of the effects of these changes on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2005 and the consolidated statements of stockholders' equity for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005.
For the audited financial statements, the adjustment noted above has the following impact:
Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2005:
| |
As previously reported |
Adjustment |
As Restated |
| Fiscal year ended March 31, 2005 |
|
| Deferred income tax asset |
$ 4,152,000 |
$ 405,000 |
$ 4,557,000 |
| Total assets |
105,293,000 |
405,000 |
105,698,000 |
| Accrued liabilities |
11,059,000 |
1,053,000 |
12,112,000 |
| Retained earnings |
130,050,000 |
(648,000) |
129,402,000 |
| Total stockholders' equity |
74,241,000 |
(648,000) |
73,593,000 |
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for fiscal years ended March 31, 2003, 2004, and 2005:
| |
As previously reported |
Adjustment |
As Restated |
| Retained earnings as of: |
|
| March 31, 2003 |
$ 103,880,000 |
$ (648,000) |
$ 103,232,000 |
| March 31, 2004 |
119,893,000 |
(648,000) |
119,245,000 |
| March 31, 2005 |
130,050,000 |
(648,000) |
129,402,000 |
| |
| Stockholders' Equity as of: |
|
| March 31, 2003 |
$ 67,220,000 |
$ (648,000) |
$ 66,572,000 |
| March 31, 2004 |
77,622,000 |
(648,000) |
76,974,000 |
| March 31, 2005 |
74,241,000 |
(648,000) |
73,593,000 |
The restatement had an insignificant impact on the consolidated statements of income and no impact on the consolidated statements of cash flows for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2004 and 2005 and therefore no changes have been reflected. The Company's historical income statement for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2005 properly reflected the Company's lease expense in accordance with FAS 13.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company has historically funded its operations and capital expenditures primarily from cash flow from operations, and to a lesser extent, stock option exercises. The Company's net accounts receivables have historically averaged below 60 days of average sales. Property, net of accumulated depreciation, has averaged approximately 10% or less of annual revenue. These historical ratios of investments in assets used in the business has allowed the Company to generate sufficient cash flow to repurchase $132 million of its common stock during the past ten fiscal years, without incurring debt, on cumulative net earnings of $140 million.
The Company believes that cash from operations, existing working capital, and funds from the exercise of stock options granted to employees are adequate to fund existing obligations, repurchase shares of the Company's common stock, introduce new services and continue to develop healthcare-related businesses. The Company regularly evaluates cash requirements for current operations and commitments, and for capital acquisitions and other strategic transactions. The Company may elect to raise additional funds for these purposes, either through debt or additional equity, the sale of investment securities or otherwise, as appropriate. There can be no assurance, however, that such additional funds would be available in the amounts, at the times and on terms favorable to the Company, or at all.
Net working capital decreased from $39 million to $35 million, primarily due to an $8 million decrease in accounts receivable primarily due to a reduction in revenue from $291 million in fiscal year ended March 31, 2005 to $267 million in fiscal year ended March 31, 2006 and a decrease in the net days sales outstanding. The net days sales outstanding in accounts receivable was 57 days at March 31, 2005 and was 54 days at March 31, 2006.
As of March 31, 2006, the Company had $14 million in cash and cash equivalents, invested primarily in short-term, highly liquid investments with maturities of 90 days or less.
In April 2003, the Company entered into a credit agreement with a financial institution to provide borrowing capacity of up to $5 million. In March 2005, the Company's Board of Directors authorized an increase in the credit agreement by $5 million, to $10 million. This agreement expired in September 2005. Borrowings under this agreement had bore interest, at the Company's option, at a fluctuating LIBOR-based rate plus 1.25% or at the financial institution's prime lending rate. There were no borrowings under the line of credit at March 31, 2005 or during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2006. The loan covenants had required the Company to maintain a quick ratio of at least 2:1, a tangible net equity of at least $45 million, and have positive net income. The Company was in compliance with these covenants at all times during fiscal year ended March 31, 2005 and during fiscal 2006 during the periods when the line of credit was in effect.
Management believes that the cash balance at March 31, 2006 along with anticipated internally generated funds will be sufficient to meet the Company's expected cash requirements for at least the next twelve months.
Operating Cash Flows
2006 Compared to 2005
Net cash provided by operating activities increased from $26 million in fiscal 2005 to $29 million in fiscal 2006. The increase in cash provided by operations was primarily due to the decrease in net accounts receivable from $46 million at March 31, 2005 to $40 million at March 31, 2006. This decrease in accounts receivable is primarily due to the decrease in revenues from $291 million in fiscal 2005 to $267 million in fiscal 2006. Additionally, the decrease in net accounts receivable is due to the decrease in net days sales outstanding from 57 days at March 31, 2005 to 54 days at March 31, 2006.
2005 Compared to 2004
Net cash provided by operating activities decreased from $28 million in fiscal 2004 to $26 million in fiscal 2005. The decrease in cash provided by operations was primarily due to the decrease in net income from $16 million in fiscal 2004 to $10 million in fiscal 2005. This decrease in cash provided by operating activities due to the decrease in net income was partially offset by decrease of $1 million in prepaid expenses and taxes along with a $2 million increase in accounts and taxes payable.
Investing Activities
2006 Compared to 2005
Net cash flow used in investing activities decreased from $12 million in fiscal 2005 to $8 million in fiscal 2006. This decrease in investing activity is primarily due to the reduction in the volume of business and the investment in the prior years. The Company expects future expenditures for property and equipment to increase if revenues increase.
Financing Activities
2006 Compared to 2005
Net cash flow used in financing activities increased from $14 million in fiscal 2005 to $16 million in fiscal 2006. The increase in cash flow used in financing activities was primarily due to the increased amount spent to repurchase shares of the Company's common stock. In fiscal 2005, the Company repurchased $17 million of common stock (691,720 shares, at an average price of $24.86 per share). In fiscal 2006, the Company repurchased $19 million of common stock (835,339 shares, at an average price of $22.42 per share). Cash proceeds from the Company's stock option and employee stock purchase plan were $3 million in both fiscal 2005 and fiscal 2006. If the Company continues to generate cash flow from operating activities, the Company may continue to repurchase shares of its common stock on the open market, if authorized by the Company's Board of Directors, or seek to identify other businesses to acquire. In June 2006, the Company's Board of Directors approved an increase in the authorized number of shares to repurchase by 1,000,000 shares to 8,100,000 shares.
2005 Compared to 2004
Net cash flow used in financing activities increased from $8 million in 2004 to $14 million in 2005. The increase in cash flow used in financing activities was primarily due to the increased amount spent to repurchase shares of the Company's common stock. In fiscal 2004, the Company repurchased $12 million of common stock (342,121 shares, at an average price of $35.53 per share). In fiscal 2005, the Company repurchased $17 million of common stock (691,720 shares, at an average price of $24.86 per share). Cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options decreased from $3 million in fiscal 2004 to $2 million in fiscal 2005.
Contractual Obligations
The following table set forth our contractual obligations at March 31, 2006, which are future minimum lease payments due under noncancelable operating leases:
| |
For the fiscal years ended March 31: |
| |
Total |
2007 |
2008 - 2009 |
2010 - 2011 |
After 2011 |
| Operating Leases.............. |
$ 30,465,000 |
$ 10,307,000 |
$ 14,679,000 |
$ 4,867,000 |
$ 612,000 |
Critical Accounting Policies
The SEC defines critical accounting policies as those that require application of management's most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods.
The following is not intended to be a comprehensive list of our accounting policies. Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note A to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, with no need for management's judgment in their application. There are also areas in which management's judgment in selecting an available alternative would not produce a materially different result.
We have identified the following accounting policies as critical to us: 1) revenue recognition, 2) allowance for uncollectible accounts, 3) valuation of long-lived assets, 4) accrual for self-insured costs, and 5) accounting for income taxes.
Revenue Recognition: The Company's revenues are recognized primarily as services are rendered based on time and expenses incurred. A certain portion of the Company's revenues are derived from fee schedule auditing which is based on the number of provider charges audited and, to a lesser extent, on a percentage of savings achieved for the Company's clients.
Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts: The Company determines its allowance by considering a number of factors, including the length of time trade accounts receivable are past due, the Company's previous loss history, the customers' current ability to pay its obligation to the Company, and the condition of the general economy and the industry as a whole. The Company writes off accounts receivable when they become uncollectible, and payments subsequently received on such receivables are credited to the allowance for doubtful accounts. There has been no change in the net reserve balance during the past three years. No one customer accounted for 10% or more of accounts receivable at any of the fiscal years ended March 31, 2004, 2005, and 2006.
Valuation of Long-lived Assets: We assess the impairment of identifiable intangibles, property, plant and equipment, goodwill and investments whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors we consider important which could trigger an impairment review include the following:
- significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results;
- significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business;
- significant negative industry or economic trends;
- significant decline in our stock price for a sustained period; and
- our market capitalization relative to net book value.
When we determine that the carrying value of intangibles, long-lived assets and related goodwill may not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more of the above indicators of impairment, impairments are recognized when the expected future undiscounted cash flows derived from such assets are less than their carrying value, except for investments. We generally measure any impairment based on a projected discounted cash flow method using a discount rate determined by our management to be commensurate with the risk inherent in our current business model. No impairment of long-lived assets has been recognized in the financial statements.
Accrual for Self-insurance Costs: The Company self-insures for the group medical costs and workers' compensation costs of its employees. The Company purchases stop loss insurance for large claims. Management believes that the self-insurance reserves are appropriate; however, actual claims costs may differ from the original estimates requiring adjustments to the reserves. The Company determines its estimated self-insurance reserves based upon historical trends along with outstanding claims information provided by its claims paying agents.
Accounting for Income Taxes: As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements we are required to estimate our income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves us estimating our actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included within our consolidated balance sheet. We must then assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and to the extent we believe that recovery is not likely, we must establish a valuation allowance. If the Company was to establish a valuation allowance or increase this allowance in a period, the Company must include an expense within the tax provision in the consolidated statement of income. Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and our deferred tax assets and liabilities.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In December 2004, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. ("SFAS") 153, Exchanges of Nonmonetary Assets - an amendment of APB Opinion No. 29 ("SFAS 153"), which is based on the principle that nonmonetary asset exchanges should be recorded and measured at the estimated fair value of the assets exchanged, with certain exceptions. SFAS 153 amends Accounting Principles Board ("APB") Opinion No. 29, Accounting for Nonmonetary Transactions, to eliminate the fair-value exception for nonmonetary exchanges of similar productive assets and replace it with a general exception for nonmonetary exchanges that do not have commercial substance. This statement is effective for nonmonetary asset exchanges occurring in fiscal periods beginning after June 15, 2005 (fiscal year beginning April 1, 2006 for the Company). The Company does not anticipate any material impact on its financial statements upon adoption of this statement.
In December 2004, the FASB issued SFAS 123 (revised 2004), Share-Based Payment ("SFAS 123R"). This statement requires companies to recognize compensation expense in an amount equal to the fair value of share-based payments granted to employees. SFAS 123R eliminates the intrinsic value-based method prescribed by APB Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, and related interpretations, that the Company currently uses. This statement is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2007. SFAS 123R offers alternate methods of adopting this standard. The Company plans to adopt SFAS 123R on a modified prospective basis in the first quarter of fiscal 2007 and will continue to use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options granted. Based on current analyses and information, the Company expects that the combination of expensing stock options upon adoption of SFAS 123R and grants of other stock options will result in approximately $900,000 of additional non-cash compensation expense, before income tax benefit, in fiscal 2007. The Company's actual stock-based compensation expense could differ materially from this estimate depending upon the timing and magnitude of new awards, the number and mix of new awards, changes in the fair market value or volatility of the Company's common stock, as well as unanticipated changes in the Company's workforce.
In March 2005, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") issued Staff Accounting Bulletin 107 ("SAB 107") that expresses the views of the SEC regarding the interaction between SFAS 123R and certain SEC rules and regulations and provides the SEC's views regarding the valuation of share-based payment arrangements for public companies. In particular, SAB 107 provides guidance related to share-based payment transactions with non-employees, the transition from non-public to public entity status, valuation methods (including assumptions such as expected volatility and expected term), the accounting classification of compensation expense, non-GAAP financial measures, first-time adoption of SFAS 123R in an interim period, capitalization of compensation costs related to share-based payment arrangements, the accounting for income tax effects of share-based payment arrangements upon adoption of SFAS 123R, the modification of employee share options prior to adoption of SFAS 123R, and disclosures in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations subsequent to adoption of SFAS 123R. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that SAB 107 will have on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows upon its adoption in 2007. The Company does not anticipate any material impact on its financial statements upon adoption of this statement.
In May 2005, the FASB issued SFAS 154, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections - a replacement of APB Opinion No. 20 and FASB Statement No. 3 ("SFAS 154"). SFAS 154 requires retrospective application to prior periods' financial statements of changes in accounting principle, unless it is impracticable to determine either the period-specific effects or the cumulative effect of the change. SFAS 154 is effective for accounting changes and corrections of errors made in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2005. The Company does not anticipate any material impact on its financial statements upon adoption of this statement.
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